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Canadian federal election, 2008 308 seats in the 40th Canadian Parliament
October 14, 2008 (2008-10-14)
		First Party	Second Party	Third Party
Leader		Stephen Harper	Stéphane Dion	Gilles Duceppe
Party		Conservative	Liberal	Bloc Québécois
Leader since		2004	2006	1997
Leader's seat		Calgary Southwest	Saint-Laurent—Cartierville	Laurier—Sainte-Marie
Last election		124 seats, 36.27%	103 seats, 30.23%	51 seats, 10.48%
Seats won		143 (46.43%)	77 (25.00%)	49 (15.91%)
Seat change		+19	-26	-2
Popular vote		5,208,796	3,633,185	1,379,991
Percentage		37.65%	26.26%	9.98%
Swing		+1.38%	-3.97%	-0.50%
		Fourth Party	Fifth Party
Leader		Jack Layton	Elizabeth May
Party		New Democrat	Green
Leader since		2003	2006
Leader's seat		Toronto—Danforth	ran in Central Nova (lost)
Last election		29 seats, 17.48%	0 seats, 4.48%
Seats won		37 (12.01%)	0 (0.00%)
Seat change		+8	0
Popular vote		2,515,561	937,613
Percentage		18.18%	6.78%
Swing		+0.70%	+2.30%
Incumbent Prime Minister Stephen Harper Conservative Prime Minister-designate Stephen Harper Conservative

The 2008 Canadian federal election (more formally, the 40th Canadian General Election) was held on Tuesday, October 14, 2008 to elect members to the Canadian House of Commons of the 40th Canadian Parliament after the previous parliament had been dissolved by the Governor General (Canada's de facto head of state) on September 7, 2008. The election yielded a minority government under the Conservative Party of Canada, led by the incumbent Prime Minister, Stephen Harper.

The election call resulted in the cancellation of four federal by-elections that had been scheduled to occur in September.¹

Background

See also: Fixed election dates in Canada

In 2007, Parliament passed a law fixing federal election dates every four years and scheduling the next election date as October 19, 2009, but the law does not (and constitutionally cannot) limit the powers of the Governor General to dissolve Parliament at any time, such as when opposition parties bring down the government on a vote of confidence. However, in this election there was no loss of a non-confidence vote, but the Prime Minister asked the Governor General to call an election nonetheless.

2006 election

64.7% of all eligible voters cast ballots in the 2006 federal election. The Conservative Party received the most votes of any single party, with 36% of the vote and 124 seats (127 at dissolution). The Liberal Party won fewer seats than in 2006 -- 103 seats (96 at dissolution), and 30% of the vote. The Bloc Québécois lost three seats, lowering its total to 51 seats (48 at dissolution), with 10.5% of the vote. The NDP retained its seats held at the dissolution of Parliament, and won 11 more, making its total 29 seats (30 at dissolution), with 17.5% of the vote. The Green Party received 4.5% of the vote, a minimal increase from the previous election, but did not win any seats (1 at dissolution). Independents and other parties constituted 1% of the total vote with one independent winning a seat.

Events since the 2006 election

For more details on this topic, see 40th Canadian Parliament.

Wikinews has related news: Early Canadian federal election set for October 14

Since the 2006 election, seven Members of Parliament (MPs) have changed party: David Emerson, Wajid Khan and Joe Comuzzi from Liberal to Conservative; Garth Turner from Conservative to Independent to Liberal; Blair Wilson from Liberal to Independent to Green; Louise Thibault from Bloc Québécois to Independent; and Bill Casey from Conservative to Independent. In by-elections, the NDP gained one seat from the Liberal Party, while the Conservative Party gained two seats, one from the Liberals and one from the Bloc Québécois. Four seats were vacant when the election was called: three previously held by the Liberal Party, one by the Bloc Québécois.

The parliament preceding this election was led by the Conservatives, who governed with the smallest minority ever in the Canadian House of Commons, just 40.6% of the seats. Although the average length of a minority parliament in Canada is 1 year, 5 months, and 22 days, minorities led by the former Progressive Conservative Party have been much shorter: the longest previous Conservative minority was just 6 months and 19 days.² The 39th Parliament became Canada's longest serving Conservative minority on October 24, 2006.

On May 30, 2006, the Conservatives tabled Bill C-16, which would amend the Canada Elections Act to provide fixed election dates. The bill received royal assent on May 3, 2007. The bill states that there will be an election in 2009, and it would be the first to have a fixed election date, the third Monday in October (October 19, 2009). Despite the bill, on September 7, 2008, the Prime Minister sought the dissolution of the 39th Parliament, and the Governor General agreed to hold a general election on October 14, 2008.

On February 15, 2007, The Globe and Mail reported that the Conservatives were preparing for an election expected to be called shortly after the 2007 budget, due on March 19, 2007. Part of the reason for the timing of the election was given as strengthening Conservative poll numbers coupled with the desire to take advantage of the perception that Harper has "better leadership qualities than Liberal counterpart Stéphane Dion".³

On March 17, 2007, an internal Conservative Party memo was leaked to The Canadian Press, telling members that they "need to be ready to campaign within the next week". The memo asked members to donate $75 to $150 to help to fund the early stages of the election campaign. None of these predictions for a federal election to occur in 2007 proved true, but the majority of pundits still believed a federal election would be triggered before the fixed election date of October 19, 2009, for sometime in 2008.

Stephen Harper hinted at the possibility of dissolving parliament on August 14, 2008. Speaking in Newfoundland and Labrador, he cited Stéphane Dion as the main player in making Parliament become increasingly "dysfunctional". "I’m going to have to make a judgment in the next little while as to whether or not this Parliament can function productively," Harper said. This came after repeated confidence votes that resulted in the NDP and Bloc parties not voting in favour of the government, and the Liberal Party voting in favour or not attending the vote. Rumours of a possible fall election were further fuelled by Harper's announcement of a fourth federal by-election for September 22 in the Toronto riding of Don Valley West.⁴⁵

On August 27, 2008. Harper asked Governor General Michaëlle Jean to cancel her trip to the Paralympic Games in Beijing, adding fuel to speculation that the Prime Minister would seek a dissolution. On September 7, 2008 after much speculation, Harper asked the Governor General to call a federal election on October 14, 2008.

Results

Main articles: Results of the Canadian federal election, 2008 and Results by riding for the Canadian federal election, 2008

143	77	49	37	2
Conservative	Liberal	BQ	NDP	I

discuss –
Summary of the 14 October 2008 Canadian House of Commons election results

Party		Party leader	Candidates	Seats					Popular vote
				2006	Dissol.	2008	% Change	% seats	#	# Change	%	% Change
	Conservative	Stephen Harper	307	124	127	143	+12.6%	46.4%	5,208,796	-167,494	37.65%	+1.38%
	Liberal	Stéphane Dion	3071	103	95	77	-18.9%	25.0%	3,633,185	-846,230	26.26%	-3.97%
	Bloc Québécois	Gilles Duceppe	75	51	48	49	+2.1%	15.9%	1,379,991	-173,610	9.98%	-0.50%
	New Democrats	Jack Layton	3082	29	30	37	+23.3%	12.0%	2,515,561	-74,182	18.18%	+0.70%
	Green	Elizabeth May	303	-	1	-	-100%	-	937,613	+273,545	6.78%	+2.30%
	Independents and no affiliation		71	1	3	23	-33.3%	0.6%	94,844	+12,984	0.69%	+0.14%
	Christian Heritage	Ron Gray	59	-	-	-	-	-	26,475	-1,677	0.19%	+0.00%
	Marxist-Leninist	Anna Di Carlo	59	-	-	-	-	-	8,565	-415	0.06%	+0.00%
	Libertarian	Dennis Young	26	-	-	-	-	-	7,300	+4,298	0.05%	+0.03%
	Progressive Canadian	Sinclair Stevens	10	-	-	-	-	-	5,860	-8,291	0.04%	-0.05%
	Communist	Miguel Figueroa	24	-	-	-	-	-	3,572	+550	0.03%	+0.01%
	Canadian Action	Connie Fogal	20	-	-	-	-	-	3,455	-2,647	0.02%	-0.03%
	Marijuana	Blair Longley	8	-	-	-	-	-	2,298	-6,873	0.02%	-0.05%
	Neorhino.ca	François Gourd	7	n/a	-	-	n/a	-	2,122	n/a	0.02%	n/a
	Newfoundland and Labrador First	Thomas V. Hickey	3	n/a	-	-	n/a	-	1,713	n/a	0.01%	n/a
	First Peoples National	Barbara Wardlaw	6	-	-	-	-	-	1,611	+410	0.01%	+0.00%
	Animal Alliance Environment Voters	Liz White	4	-	-	-	-	-	527	+455	0.00%	+0.00%
	Work Less	Conrad Schmidt	1	n/a	-	-	n/a	-	425	n/a	0.00%	n/a
	Western Block	Doug Christie	1	-	-	-	-	-	195	-899	0.00%	-0.01%
	People's Political Power	Roger Poisson	2	n/a	-	-	n/a	-	186	n/a	0.00%	n/a
	Vacant				4
Total			1,601	308	308	308	-	100	13,834,294	-982,865	100
Sources: Elections Canada & Party Standings (2006 data); Elections Canada (2008 data)

1 Lesley Hughes of Kildonan—St. Paul was nominated as a Liberal, but lost party support after the nomination deadline and continued to run as an independent; she is listed here as a Liberal rather than an independent, as she was listed as a Liberal on the ballot.⁶⁷
2 Includes NDP candidates Julian West from Saanich—Gulf Islands and Andrew McKeever from Durham, who withdrew their candidacies but whose names appeared on their respective ballots.
3 André Arthur was re-elected in the Quebec City-area riding of Portneuf—Jacques-Cartier with 15,063 votes. Bill Casey, formerly Conservative, was re-elected in the Nova Scotia riding of Cumberland—Colchester—Musquodoboit Valley with 27,303 votes.

Results by province

Party name			BC	AB	SK	MB	ON	QC	NB	NS	PE	NL	NU	NT	YT	Total
	Conservative	Seats:	22	27	13	9	51	10	6	3	1	-	1	-	-	143
		Vote:	44.4	64.6	53.7	48.8	39.2	21.7	39.4	26.1	36.2	16.5	34.8	37.6	32.8	37.6
	Liberal	Seats:	5	-	1	1	38	14	3	5	3	6	-	-	1	77
		Vote:	19.3	11.4	14.9	19.1	33.8	23.7	32.4	29.8	47.7	46.6	29.2	13.6	45.3	26.2
	Bloc Québécois	Seats:						49								49
		Vote:						38.1								10.0
	New Democrat	Seats:	9	1	-	4	17	1	1	2	-	1	-	1	-	37
		Vote:	25.0	12.7	25.6	24.0	18.2	12.2	21.9	28.9	9.8	33.9	27.6	41.5	9.0	18.2
	Green	Vote:	9.4	8.8	5.6	6.8	8.0	3.5	6.2	8.0	4.7	1.7	8.4	5.5	13.0	6.8
	Independent / No affiliation	Seats:						1		1						2
		Vote:						0.6		6.6;						0.7
	Total seats:		36	28	14	14	106	75	10	11	4	7	1	1	1	308

Missing ballot boxes

In Quebec City, several ballot boxes containing votes from advanced polls disappeared after the close of advance polling on October 7. The boxes were stored in a closet at the home of a deputy returning officer.⁸ Although there was no tampering of the boxes or the votes, three deputy returning officers were fired.⁹ Deputy returning officers are the only polling officials allowed to handle ballots during the vote count and the law did allow for them to store the sealed boxes as may be necessary in large remote rural ridings. However the boxes were returned a day late after the riding returning officer ordered their return. ¹⁰

Strategic voting

A number of political leaders and popular websites supported strategic voting in the election, mostly against the Conservative Party. The reasons varied from regional, such as Newfoundland and Labrador premier Danny Williams and his "Anything But Conservative" campaign, to ideological. The popular website VoteForEnvironment.ca, which received over one million page views in the first 12 days of its existence¹¹ and whose founders were interviewed on CBC and other mainstream media, showed regional breakdowns per riding and offered recommendations based on which candidate was most likely to beat the Conservative candidate. If the Conservative candidate had little chance of winning the riding or was strongly entrenched, the site recommended "vote with your heart." Similarly, a vote swapping organization on Facebook entitled "Anti-Harper Vote Swap Canada" also gained press.¹² The premise of that organization is that eligible voters in different electoral districts may exchange their votes, so that an opponent of a Conservative candidate in each district might have a better chance of being elected in that district. Elections Canada deemed the practice legal.¹³

Green Party leader Elizabeth May sent out mixed signals about strategic voting. On October 12, she recommended that in close ridings, supporters of green policies should consider voting for the NDP or Liberals to defeat the Conservatives,¹⁴ but on the same day she said "I do not support strategic voting and I have not advised voters to choose any candidate other than Green."¹⁵ In addition, during the final days of the campaign the Liberals attempted to attract strategic NDP and Green votes to stop the Conservatives, and the Conservatives attempted to attract Bloc votes to stop the Liberals.¹⁶

Voter identification

Some students, homeless, and transient voters were turned away at the polls when they were unable to provide identification showing or otherwise confirming a place of residence. The legislation introduced in 2007 requires all voters to show one or two pieces of identification which confirm the voter's name and address, or to be vouched for by another voter who is able to show such identification.¹⁷

Region	Turnout (%)
Alberta	52.9
British Columbia	61.0
Manitoba	56.8
New Brunswick	62.8
Newfoundland and Labrador	48.1
Northwest Territories	48.6
Nova Scotia	60.7
Nunavut	49.4
Ontario	59.1
Prince Edward Island	69.5
Saskatchewan	59.4
Quebec	61.1
Yukon	63.7

Voter turnout

Voter turnout was the lowest in Canadian election history, as 59.1% of the electorate cast a ballot.¹⁸ All federally funded parties except for the Greens attracted fewer total votes than in 2006; the Greens received nearly 280,000 more votes. The Conservatives lost about 170,000 votes, the Liberals 850,000, the Bloc 170,000 and the NDP 70,000. Some voters were at first turned away because of failure to meet new and stricter proof of address requirements, including 2/3 of those attempting to vote at Dalhousie University. The effect this may have had on voter turnout is unknown.¹⁹

Judicial recounts

In a federal election, a judicial recount is automatically ordered in a riding where the margin of victory is less than 0.1% (one one-thousandth) of the votes cast. In cases where there is a larger but still narrow margin of victory, an elector can request a judicial recount.

Judicial recounts were ordered in six ridings. In one case, Brossard—La Prairie, the judicial recount overturned the reported victor, giving the seat to the Liberals' Alexandra Mendès instead of the Bloc incumbent Marcel Lussier.

In four other ridings, the recount confirmed the election results, although Liberal Ujjal Dosanjh's margin in Vancouver South was reduced from 33 votes to just 20.²⁰²¹ This was the slimmest victory of any riding in the entire election, until the results of the Kitchener-Waterloo recount reduced Peter Braid's margin of victory to a mere 17 votes. Dosanjh's Conservative opponent, Wai Young, appealed the recount to the Supreme Court of British Columbia, citing that not all of the ballot boxes were fully recounted.²² All ballots were eventually counted by November 4, confirming Dosanjh's victory by 20 votes, after the initial partial recount indicated a margin of 22 votes.

In a sixth riding, the recount was cancelled when the elector who had requested it withdrew the request.

Riding	Initial validated results - First and second place				Recount type	Recount date	Judicially certified results - First and second place
		Candidate	Votes	%				Candidate	Votes	%
Egmont, PEI		Gail Shea, Con.	8,122	44.0%	Requested	October 23, 2008		Gail Shea, Con.	8,110	43.9%
		Keith Milligan, Lib.	8,060	43.6%				Keith Milligan, Lib.	8,055	43.6%
Brossard—La Prairie, QC		Marcel Lussier, BQ	19,202	32.6%	Requested	October 24, 2008		Alexandra Mendès, Lib.	19,103	32.6%
		Alexandra Mendès, Lib.	19,110	32.4%				Marcel Lussier, BQ	19,034	32.5%
Brampton West, ON		Andrew Kania, Lib.	21,739	40.3%	Requested	November 6, 2008		Andrew Kania, Lib.	21,746	40.3%
		Kyle Seeback, Con.	21,516	39.9%				Kyle Seeback, Con.	21,515	39.9%
Kitchener—Waterloo, ON		Peter Braid, Cons.	21,851	36.1%	Automatic	October 31, 2008		Peter Braid, Cons.	21,830	36.1%
		Andrew Telegdi, Lib.	21,803	36.0%				Andrew Telegdi, Lib.	21,813	36.0%
Esquimalt—Juan de Fuca, BC		Keith Martin, Lib.	20,042	34.2%	Requested	Judicial recount terminated at the request of the elector who had requested it
		Troy DeSouza, Con.	19,974	34.1%
Vancouver South, BC		Ujjal Dosanjh, Lib.	16,101	38.5%	Automatic	November 4, 2008		Ujjal Dosanjh, Lib.	16,110	38.5%
		Wai Young, Con.	16,068	38.4%				Wai Young, Con.	16,090	38.4%

Timeline

Main article: Timeline of the Canadian federal election, 2008

• February 6, 2006: Harper Cabinet is sworn in.
• May 3, 2007: Bill C-16 receives Royal Assent. This bill states that the next election must be held on October 19, 2009, unless there is an earlier dissolution.
• August 26 2008: Harper indicates he may call an election for the fall of 2008; Parliament could be dissolved as early as the week of September 1-6.
• August 29, 2008: Harper meets with Gilles Duceppe, the leader of the Bloc Québécois in an attempt to find common ground between the Bloc and the Conservatives.
• August 30, 2008: Harper meets with Jack Layton, the leader of the New Democrats in an attempt to find common ground between the NDP and the Conservatives.
• September 1, 2008: Harper meets with Stéphane Dion, the leader of the Liberals, in an attempt to find common ground between the Liberals and the Conservatives, and avert the dissolution of Parliament, allowing the fall session to continue as planned. However, after a twenty-minute meeting at 24 Sussex Drive, the PM's official residence, Dion emerges stating there is no common ground between the two parties, and that an election is certain.
• September 5, 2008: The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) announces that Prime Minister Stephen Harper will visit the Governor General at 9 am on September 7, 2008 to ask for the dissolution of the 39th Parliament and a general election on October 14, 2008.²³
• September 7, 2008: Prime Minister Harper asks Governor General Michaëlle Jean to call a general election on October 14, 2008. She accepts the request.²⁴
• October 14, 2008: Elections held for members of the House of Commons in the 40th Canadian Parliament.²⁵
• November 4, 2008: Writs to be returned to the Chief Election Officer.²⁵
• November 10, 2008: 40th Parliament summoned.²⁶
• December 1, 2008: The Liberals and NDP sign agreement²⁷ on proposed coalition government to replace the governing Conservatives under Prime Minister Harper.²⁸
• December 1, 2008: The Liberals, NDP, and Bloc Québécois sign "policy accord"²⁹ whereby the Bloc would support a Liberal/NDP government for at least 18 months.²⁸
• December 4, 2008: Parliament prorogued by the Governor General during the parliamentary dispute on advice of the Prime Minster.³⁰
• January 26, 2009: Parliament to reconvene for second session.³⁰

Pre-election

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2008)

Prime Minister Stephen Harper said he was considering calling an election because of a lack of cooperation in Parliament, saying "all the signs indicate that this Parliament is at the end of its productiveness," while in Inuvik, Northwest Territories. The Conservative Party of Canada fueled rumours of an oncoming election when it released several campaign advertisements that focused on a range of issues, and attacked the Liberal Party of Canada for their proposed carbon tax. The Prime Minister's Office (PMO) confirmed that Harper would call an election for October 14 after meeting with New Democratic Party leader Jack Layton and Bloc Québécois leader Gilles Duceppe, which gave the Prime Minister little hope that a fall session of Parliament can be productive, PMO officials said.³¹ Senior government officials announced on the first of September that Stephen Harper would ask the Governor General, Michaëlle Jean, to dissolve parliament and call an election for October 14, after he met with Liberal leader Stéphane Dion who called the meeting a "charade". Dion said the two were unable to agree on how to make the upcoming session of Parliament, slated to begin September 15, more productive.

Liberal Party members gathered in Winnipeg on September 2, for a three day caucus which changed from preparing for a new parliamentary session to a strategy session to formulate a plan to attack the Conservatives while healing internal party rifts that have surfaced in recent weeks. Conservatives began spending at least $60 million dollars on pre-election funding projects to a wide variety of institutions and groups. A few announcements have been big, including Industry Minister Jim Prentice's pledge of $25 million for the expansion of the Northlands exhibition facility in Edmonton. But the Tories have also announced a number of smaller projects, including $40,000 for the 2008 55+ Games and $25,000 for the Peace Window of the Holy Trinity Anglican Church in Winnipeg. The announcements have also been spread out across the country. The Atlantic region is to get more than $500,000 for youth jobs and eight cultural organizations. The Association of Book Publishers of British Columbia will receive $81,000. Jack Layton attacked the Conservative Party as bribing the public and doing the same thing they used to complain about the Liberals doing before elections.

A survey conducted by Environics found that 38 per cent of Canadians would vote for the Conservative party if an election were held immediately, 28 per cent would vote for the Liberal party, 19 for the NDP, eight for the Bloc Québécois and seven for the Green party. The poll shows Conservatives taking early leads in Ontario, British Columbia and the Prairies. In Atlantic Canada, Liberals still hold a strong majority, while in Quebec the Bloc Québécois leads while the Conservatives and Liberals are almost tied for second. When asked, most Canadians said the Conservatives would handle the economy better, while most said the Liberals would handle the environment better.

On September 7, Harper officially asked for the dissolution of Parliament, and called for an election on October 14.

Election campaign

The 40th Canadian Federal Election campaign officially began at 8:20 a.m. Eastern Daylight Time when Governor General Michaëlle Jean accepted Stephen Harper's request to dissolve Parliament and call an election for October 14, 2008. The party leaders jumped right into the campaign, with Stéphane Dion attacking the Conservative's record, presenting the Liberal plan, and rejected the accusation by Harper that the Liberal party is a risky choice. Jack Layton took a more forceful approach than previous elections, in which the New Democratic Party has just tried to maintain a high number of seats in Parliament to influence government. Layton has made it clear he will campaign for the position of prime minister itself this time, but also returned to a longstanding NDP theme: alleged abuses by big business. He promised to stop what he called "ripoffs" by big oil, cellphone and banks, and his attacks are expected to focus on the Conservatives and all but ignore the Liberals. Elizabeth May of the Green Party said Canadians would care enough about the environment to vote for her party, as long as she was able to get into the television debates. Stephen Harper has stated his objection to including the Green Party into television debates because of the similar policies of the Green and Liberal party, and how it would be unfair. Bloc Québécois Leader Gilles Duceppe said the Conservatives must be prevented from winning a majority, and the BQ is the only party that can do that. Duceppe compared Harper to US President George W. Bush, and said the government is incompetent.

Leaders' Debates

The two Leaders' Debates of 2008, one each in French and English, included the leaders of five parties, Stephen Harper of the Conservatives, Stéphane Dion of the Liberals, Jack Layton of the NDP, Gilles Duceppe of the Bloc Québécois and Elizabeth May of the Green Party.

The French-language debate aired on Wednesday, 1 October from 8 to 10 p.m. EDT, moderated by Stéphan Bureau, a journalist and host. The English-language debate aired Thursday, 2 October from 9 to 11 p.m. EDT, with Steve Paikin of TVOntario as moderator.

Participation

Wikinews has related news: Canada's leadership debate: the Green Party will take part

Three parties — the Conservatives, the Bloc Québécois and the NDP — opposed the inclusion of the Green Party, citing statements made by Green Party leader Elizabeth May to the effect that the best outcome of the election would be a Liberal-led government, and a deal struck between the Green Party and Liberals where the Liberals would not run in May's riding, Central Nova, and the Green party in Liberal leader Stéphane Dion's riding, Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, which they say make May a "second Liberal candidate".³²

Stephen Harper and Jack Layton are reported to have said that if the Green Party were included, they would not participate in the Leaders' Debates. Dion said that while he supports May's inclusion, he would not attend if Harper does not, and the Bloc Québécois has stated it will not boycott the debates if May is included.³³ The media consortium in charge of the debate, made up of the CBC, CTV, Global Television and TVA, had decided that it would prefer to broadcast the debates with the four major party leaders, rather than risk not at all or with minimal participation. The Green Party indicated they had begun procedures to lodge a formal complaint with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission,³⁴³⁵ as they have in past federal elections.

On September 10, Harper and Layton released statements that they would not oppose May's inclusion in the debate, citing public backlash and protests — with neither acknowledging making the threat of boycotting the debate — and that the media consortium would reconvene to discuss the matter. Layton stated that "debating about the debate" had become a "distraction", and that he had only one condition, that Stephen Harper be there. In response, spokesmen for Stephen Harper announced they would not stand alone in opposition to the Green Party's inclusion in the debates and also changed their position on the matter.³⁶ Later that day the consortium announced that May would be allowed to participate in the debate.³⁷

Format change

On September 30, Harper announced that he would ask for the 12 minutes on the economy scheduled for the Leader's Debate to be extended to an hour, citing that the financial crisis affecting the U.S. "has deepened since the debate format was finalized", a change which would require agreement from the other parties in the debate to be approved. The NDP released a statement soon after that they supported the move, while public response has been concerned that other topics such as the environment would not end up with enough time to cover the issue.³⁸

On October 1, the day of the first debate, it was announced that both debates would get extended time, from 12 to 30 minutes, for the economy, and leaders would not give opening and closing statements, to allow for longer discussions on the economy without removing time from other topics. It was also revealed that instead of leaders standing at individual podiums for the debate, as had been done in past years, the debate would be done in a round table format.³⁹

The debates

French debate

Full Video French Debate - CBC English Dub

Much of French debate revolved around the economy and the environment, with the two topics repeatedly being brought up in discussions allotted for other topics. Stephen Harper came under criticism from every other leader in nearly every topic, especially the economy and environment, with the other party leaders stating that Harper's politics had led to Canada's current crises in those two areas. Their points included that Harper's environmental plan was considered the worst of all developing countries by organizations around the world, with Elizabeth May labeling it "a type of fraud,"⁴⁰ and that his attempts to remove regulations in the financial sectors, similar to those done by the Bush administration in the United States, have led Canada to being nearly as hard hit by the current financial crisis as the United States.⁴⁰

Continuous comparisons of Harper to George W. Bush were made over the course of the debate, with Jack Layton stating at one point that with Bush ending his presidency at the end of the year, Harper would be "the last leader of a developed country to follow the Bush doctrine."⁴⁰

English debate

Full Video English Debate

Following the same tone as the French debate, much of the discussion revolved around the economy and the environment. The other four leaders keep criticizing Harper, especially for his lack of an economic platform despite asking for the format change to focus more on the economy in light of the ongoing financial crisis, and instead using the time to criticize the economic platforms of the other leaders.⁴¹ May lashed out at Harper for not understanding that Canadians were worried about their homes, jobs and finances, and comparing the current situation to Dutch disease, Dion stated that the only thing that keeps Canada from being hit as hard by the crisis as the US are laws created by the previous Liberal government that the Conservatives had been attempting to overturn, Duceppe repeatedly criticized Harper for financial practices and attitudes similar to the Bush administration, and Layton at one point stated that Harper's position showed he was either incompetent or uncaring to the situation, and asked which one he was, to which Harper did not respond. Harper also came under criticism for his laissez-faire attitude to the job sector, supporting primarily the oil companies and companies that outsource jobs in the manufacturing sector.

When it turned to the environment, the Carbon Tax proposal came up repeatedly, with both Dion and May supporting it, although May to more ambitious figures than Dion, pointing out it was the most recommended and proven way to deal with carbon emissions by countries and organizations around the world, noting the growth that Sweden and Germany have had with this system.⁴¹ Harper criticized the plan, saying would increase taxpayers' burden and that Dion should be "honest with the people" that some environmental measures will cost the economy and said the plan includes $40 billion in carbon taxes and $26 billion in tax cuts.⁴¹ Dion defended the Liberal's Green Shift, saying that "[Harper's statements are] not true at all", and that "for every dollar that we will raise, you will have a tax cut, and these tax cuts will be on your income".⁴¹ Duceppe commented that he would like targets to be applied to individual provinces, thereby allowing Quebec to financially benefit due to already-implemented greenhouse gas reductions.⁴¹ Layton, who favours a cap-and-trade system, said that it is a "figment of Mr. Harper's imagination" that emissions will fall under his plan.⁴¹ When Harper sought to outline his government's record on other environmental fronts, giving examples of his minority government supported the preservation of hundreds of thousands of hectares of environmentally sensitive land through the Nature Conservancy of Canada, and that the government declared a protected marine area by Lake Superior and created a whale sanctuary by Baffin Island, May responded by saying "The only word he said that's true is on national parks".⁴¹

Layton also criticized Dion for his lack of accomplishments as official opposition during the minority government, and his party's previous leader's broken promises in areas such as Child Care and Pharmacare.⁴¹

Duceppe painted the Conservative government's $45 million in national arts and culture funding cuts as an assault on the province's identity, saying "How can you recognize the Quebec nation and then cut culture [funding], which is the soul of a nation?" followed by citing the economic benefits of culture.⁴¹

Harper also said he had erred in calling for Canada's participation in the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, saying "It was absolutely an error, it's obviously clear", adding that the claim of weapons of mass destruction proved false.⁴¹

Commenting on the debate, Layton said that he "thoroughly enjoyed" May's contributions to the debate.⁴² Reporter Julie Van Dusen said that Harper managed to take the hits calmly, as "someone must have told him … if you fight back or get too partisan, you're going to alienate voters, especially women".⁴² Duceppe said he was happy to have forced Harper to admit his support of joining the Iraq war in 2003 was a mistake, adding he will use the admission in the campaign as "Exhibit A" that the Conservative leader lacks solid judgment skills, and that Harper was weakened when he confirmed he does not support a refundable tax credit for the manufacturing industry to encourage companies to improve productivity.⁴²

Issues

Arts

Stephen Harper had cut $45 million from arts funding while in office, a move that drew much criticism from the other leaders and Quebec citizens, with most leaders seeking to restore the funding. The Conservatives have stated that the money is being reallocated to other arts and cultural programs, including various official languages projects, the 400th anniversary of Quebec City and projects connected with the 2010 Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympic Games, although the Conservative's refusal to have a parliamentary review of their cuts and for a moratorium on the measures until the House of Commons Heritage Committee had a chance to hold hearings on culture and arts funding has most opposition members calling foul.⁴³

Both Stéphane Dion and Jack Layton have promised to reverse the cut, with Dion also promising to increase funding to Canada Council for the Arts to $360 million, while Layton also promised to bring income averaging for artists to the national level and providing an annual tax exemption of $20,000 for income earned by copyright and residuals, stating that "one of the key things we must do, before we start giving $50-billion tax giveaways to banks and oil companies, is to protect and promote the arts" and "stable, sure and appropriate funding" for CBC/Radio-Canada while also protecting Telefilm Canada and the Canadian Television Fund.⁴³

Harper has said that he believes that the issue is a "niche topic", and that "ordinary Canadians" are not particularly concerned with the issue.⁴⁴ A group of Canadian performers, which included Art Hindle, Wendy Crewson and Gordon Pinsent, held a press conference on September 24, saying the cuts would cripple the Canadian arts industry.⁴⁴

On September 29, Harper unveiled a new tax credit plan worth an estimated $150 million a year to encourage parents to enroll their kids in arts programs like music and drama. The credit will apply on up to $500 of eligible fees for children under 16 who participate in eligible arts activities. Harper said that "[the Conservatives] spend a lot more on culture and arts" but "in a way that we ensure is an effective use of taxpayers' money and ultimately, in this case, benefits families and all of society as well". Harper has come under criticism when the week before he expressed his opinion that "ordinary working people were unable to relate to taxpayer-subsidized cultural elites when they see them at a rich gala on television".⁴⁵

Cadman bribe attempt

Main article: Chuck Cadman#Legal controversy

In early 2008 it was alleged that Independent MP Chuck Cadman of Surrey North, who was terminally ill with cancer at the time, had been offered a half-million life insurance policy in exchange for voting against the proposed Liberal budget in May 2005, which he turned down. Under section 119 of the Criminal Code of Canada, it is illegal to bribe an MP. Accordingly, Opposition Liberal party Intergovernmental Affairs critic Dominic LeBlanc asked the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) in February 2008 to investigate this allegation, that the Conservatives had offered Mr. Cadman a million-dollar life insurance policy in exchange for his support on the budget vote. In May 2008, the RCMP announced that there was not enough evidence to support charges.⁴⁶ Cadman died in July. The following month, Harper stated in a court deposition that he personally authorized an offer made to Cadman in 2005.⁴⁷⁴⁸ There is currently an ongoing legal battle between the Liberals and the Conservatives over the matter.

On September 24, while campaigning in Surrey North, Stephen Harper's campaign team barred reporters from talking with the local Conservative candidate, Dona Cadman, who is Chuck Cadman's widow. The campaign team called in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), and ordered them to "Keep [the reporters] out" while Cadman was taken away by staff. Harper spokesman Kory Teneycke later stated that he had not seen the incident, but the local candidates did not need to be interviewed, that "Local candidates' priority is campaigning in their local ridings, and not talking to the national media", and that it should be enough that they hold daily news conferences with the party's most prominent members.⁴⁹

The incident has reminded people of Conservative tactics during the 2006 election, where attempts by the media to speak with local candidates were stopped by campaign personnel, especially the Harold Albrecht incident, where campaign officials forced Albrecht to stay in a restaurant kitchen when journalists attempted to interview him.⁴⁹

The Conservatives chose former FBI agent Bruce Koenig to analyze a tape of reporter Tom Zytaruk interviewing Harper on the Cadman bribe attempt. The tape was a key piece of evidence in the ongoing legal battle. On October 10, Keonig announced that the tape had not been altered in any way, contrary to the claims by Stephen Harper that it had been altered.⁵⁰

Canadian involvement in Afghanistan

Main article: Canada's role in the invasion of Afghanistan

The ongoing involvement of the Canadian Forces in Afghanistan may also influence voters. Desmond Morton, a political science professor at McGill University suggested that the Conservatives could be blamed for the war because they have extended the mission twice, despite the fact that it was then Liberal Leader Jean Chrétien who was Canada's prime minister when Canada's current military involvement in Afghanistan first started in 2001. Both the Conservatives and Liberals have at various times agreed to extend the mission(s) to at least 2011, so this may result in some Canadians who are strongly against Canada's ongoing involvement, who might have otherwise typically voted either Liberal or Conservative in the past, to take their votes elsewhere in 2008.⁵¹

Cities and infrastructure

Toronto Mayor David Miller has spoken out that the parties need to focus more on cities and their infrastructure, stating that 8 out of 10 Canadians live in cities, and that so far only the Green party has revealed a platform on the issue, with a national transit strategy and plans to give cities a permanent revenue source to help fix a growing infrastructure backlog. Miller stated he will not endorse a specific party, but urges people to choose a party that will "help cities thrive". He disagrees with Stephen Harper's opinion that "cities are not of national importance".⁵²

On September 18, Stéphane Dion pledged to spend more than $70 billion over the next 10 years to improve Canada's infrastructure if elected, and budget surpluses that exceed a $3-billion contingency fund to infrastructure projects, particularly those with a green focus, calling Canada's cities and towns "the engines of our economy". Stephen Harper immediately lashed out at the spending proposal, saying Dion was "promising money no government could afford" and that the Conservative's infrastructure plans "are modest and affordable within the four-year budget we've published".⁵³

On September 23, Montreal and Toronto mayors Gérald Tremblay and David Miller laid out their demands for urban municipalities, describing cities' current financial problems as a national issue, saying that cities have become the country's economic, social and cultural development engines and need appropriate support, and that they need better "fiscal tools" to continue their role as Canada's economic engines or the country will suffer. They listed Homelessness, traffic gridlock, crowded buses and overstretched police departments as just a few of the symptoms, that "These problems are too big and too important to be solved on the backs of property taxpayers" and that "in order to remain competitive, transport goods efficiently and attract new talent, our cities require quality infrastructure, affordable housing and first-rate recreational and cultural facilities". Jean Perrault, president of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and mayor of Sherbrooke, Quebec, has stated that things like the Federal Gas Tax Fund were an important federal commitment, but that more is needed to tackle cities' overwhelming infrastructure needs.⁵⁴

On September 29, Layton announced plans to direct one cent per litre of the gas tax, approximately $400 million a year, into transit projects across the country, and direct $350 million from the sale of carbon permits to big polluters, saying that "the major polluters would be the ones paying to make transit greener, not you and your families", and that "fighting climate change requires investing in transit, and that's what our plan does".⁵⁵

Economy

Polls have suggested that the economy is the major issue going into this election, especially with the resulting high price of gas, along with rising prices of other goods and services, such as food, and the possible impact the current financial crisis may have on Canada. Some experts say that Canada has just narrowly dodged a recession, although the economy is in its worst shape since 1991.⁵⁶

Both Dion and Harper have said that the others' plans will lead Canada into a recession, while Dion also stated that Harper has "mismanaged a once-booming economy into one with growth dropping to among th