The European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union for a period of one calendar year during which it is given a chance to showcase its cultural life and cultural development. A number of European cities have used the City of Culture year to transform their cultural base and, in doing so, the way in which they are viewed internationally.
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History
The European Capital of Culture programme was initially called the European City of Culture and was conceived in 1983 by Melina Mercouri, then serving as Greek Minister of Culture. Mercouri believed that at the time, culture was not given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European cultures within the member states should be pursued. The European City of Culture programme was launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens being the first title-holder. During the German Presidency of 1999, the European City of Culture programme was renamed the European Capital of Culture.
List of European Cities/Capitals of Culture
Past years
- 1985:
Athens - 1986:
Florence - 1987:
Amsterdam - 1988:
West Berlin - 1989:
Paris - 1990:
Glasgow - 1991:
Dublin - 1992:
Madrid - 1993:
Antwerp - 1994:
Lisbon - 1995:
Luxembourg - 1996:
Copenhagen - 1997: Thessaloniki
- 1998:
Stockholm - 1999: Weimar
- 2000: Avignon,
Bergen, Bologna, Brussels, 
Helsinki, 
Krakow, 
Prague, 
Reykjavík, Santiago de Compostela - 2001: Porto, Rotterdam
- 2002: Bruges, Salamanca
- 2003:
Graz - 2004: Genoa, Lille
- 2005: Cork
- 2006: Patras
- 2007:
Sibiu, Luxembourg and the Greater Region - 2008: Liverpool, Stavanger and Sandnes
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Current year
Future years
According to the official EU website1. From 2014 to 2019, only the countries have been chosen, based on the rotation system.
- 2010: Essen (on behalf of the Ruhr Area),
Istanbul, 
Pécs - 2011: Turku,
Tallinn - 2012: Guimarães,
Maribor - 2013: Marseille - Provence,
Košice - 2014: Sweden,
Latvia - 2015: Belgium, Czech Republic
- 2016: Spain, Poland
- 2017: Denmark,
Cyprus - 2018: Netherlands,
Malta - 2019: Italy,
Bulgaria
See also
- American Capital of Culture – a similar initiative among the American countries
- Arab Capital of Culture – a similar initiative among Arab countries
- Europalia
References
- García, B. (2005) “De-constructing the City of Culture: The long term cultural legacies of Glasgow 1990” in: Review Issue of Urban Studies (vol 42, n5/6) (pp. 1-28)
- García, B. (2004) “Cultural Policy in European Cities: Lessons from Experience, Prospects for the Future” in: Special edition on Cultural Policy and Regeneration, Local Economy (vol 19, n4) (pp. 312-326)
- García, B. (2004) “Urban Regeneration, Arts Programming and Major events: Glasgow 1990, Sydney 2000 and Barcelona 2004” in: Gibson, L. & Stevenson, D. (Eds) Special Issue of the International Journal of Cultural Policy: Urban Space and the Uses of Culture (vol 10, n 1) (pp. 103-118)
External links
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- Impacts 08: The Liverpool Model, European Capital of Culture Research Programme, University of Liverpool and Liverpool John Moores University
- VisitLiverpool.com Visit Liverpool Capital of Culture 2008
- ITV Local News stories from Liverpool Capital of Culture 2008
- Stavanger 2008
- Vilnius 2009
- "Vilnius 2009" travel blog
- Linz 2009
- Istanbul 2010
- Essen 2010
- Pecs 2010
- Turku 2011
- Tallinn 2011
- Guimarães 2012
- Maribor 2012
- Marseille Provence 2013
- Košice 2013
- Gävle 2014
- Norrköping 2014
- Lund 2014
- Umeå 2014
- Burgos 2016 - candidate city
- Cáceres 2016 - candidate city
- Córdoba 2016 - candidate city
- Málaga 2016 - candidate city
- Palma de Mallorca and the Balearic Islands - candidate city
- Santander 2016 - candidate city
- Tarragona 2016 - candidate city
- Donostia-San Sebastián 2016 - candidate city
- Szczecin 2016 - candidate city
- Łódź 2016 - candidate city
- Lublin 2016 - candidate city
- Toruń 2016 - candidate city
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